Probabilistic Multiobjective Transmission Expansion Planning Incorporating Demand Response Resources and Large-Scale Distant Wind Farms

Transmission expansion planning (TEP) is a critical issue, particularly coping with the new challenges of smart grids. Under the smart grid environment, demand response resources (DRRs) are contemplated as virtual power plants in energy policy decisions. DRRs affect the controllability of power systems, ranging from short-term to long-term scheduling. In this paper, a nonlinear economic model of responsive loads is presented based on price elasticity of demand and customers benefit function. In order to investigate the impacts of DRRs on TEP, a probabilistic multiobjective TEP incorporating demand response programs (DRPs) is introduced (PMO-TEPDRPs). IC, congestion costs, risk costs, and total incentive costs for participating in DRPs are considered different objectives of PMO-TEPDRPs. Here, a probabilistic analysis technique, the so-called two-point estimation method, is applied to handle the uncertainty of wind-farm generation in the TEP problem. Furthermore, the maximum achievable potential and realistic achievable potential for participating customers in DRPs are derived. Due to the problem's nonconvex formulation, a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II is utilized to evaluate PMO-TEPDRPs. Several analyses are carried out on the IEEE Reliability Test System and Iran 400-kV transmission grid to confirm the capability of the proposed framework.