Journal
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR
Volume 75, Issue -, Pages 145-159Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2020.10.003
Keywords
Interface evaluation; Human-automation interaction; Driver performance; Gaze behaviour; Intelligent vehicle system; Warnings
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Objective: To implement auditory continual feedback into the interface design of a Level 3 automated vehicle and to test whether gaze behavior and reaction times of drivers improved in take-over situations. Background: When required to assume manual control in take-over situations, drivers of Level 3 automated vehicles are less likely than conventional drivers to spot potential hazards, and their reaction time is longer. Therefore, it is crucial that the interface of Level 3 automated vehicles will be designed to improve drivers' performance in take-over situations. Method: In two experiments, participants drove a simulated route in a Level 3 automated vehicle for 35 min with one imminent take-over event. Participants' gaze behavior and performance in an imminent take-over event were monitored under one of three auditory interface designs: (1) Continual feedback. A system that provides verbal driving-related feedback; (2) Persistent feedback. A system that provides verbal driving-related feedback and a persistent beep; and (3) Chatter feedback. A system that provides verbal non driving-related feedback. Also, there was a control group without feedback. Results: Under all three auditory feedback designs, the number of drivers' on-road glances increased compared to no feedback, but none of the designs shortened reaction time to the imminent event. Conclusion: Increasing the number of on-road glances during automated driving does not necessarily improve drivers' attention to the road and their reaction times during takeovers. Application: Possible implications for the effectiveness of auditory continual feedback should be considered when designing interfaces for Level 3 automated vehicles. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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