Lithium-Air Batteries: Air-Breathing Challenges and Perspective

Lithium-oxygen (Li-O-2) batteries have been intensively investigated in recent decades for their utilization in electric vehicles. The intrinsic challenges arising from O-2 (electro)-chemistry have been mitigated by developing various types of catalysts, porous electrode materials, and stable electrolyte solutions. At the next stage, we face the need to reform batteries by substituting pure O-2 gas with air from Earth's atmosphere. Thus, the key emerging challenges of Li-air batteries, which are related to the selective filtration of O-2 gas from air and the suppression of undesired reactions with other constituents in air, such as N-2, water vapor (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2), should be properly addressed. In this review, we discuss all key aspects for developing Li-air batteries that are optimized for operating in ambient air and highlight the crucial considerations and perspectives for future air-breathing batteries.