From materials to devices using fused deposition modeling: A state-of-art review

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) uses computer-aided design to direct a 3D printer to build successful layers of product from polymeric materials to generate 3D devices. Many reviews have been reported recently on the cutting-edge FDM technology from different perspectives. However, few studies have delved into the advances in FDM technology from materials to 3D devices. Therefore, in this work, with a bottom-up approach from materials (including commodities and nanomaterials) to printing process (including effort for fast printing, effort for resolution improvement, and simulations) and from printing process to 3D devices (including biomedical implants, topological structures, and multifunctional devices), it aims at reviewing the FDM technology developed over the past decades.