Energy transfer designing in lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles

Lanthanide (Ln(3+))-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), exhibiting excellent optical properties such as long photoluminescence lifetime, narrow emission bandwidth, and low autofluorescence background, have been applied in many fields, especially in biological analysis and medical diagnostics. Despite the exciting progress, the applications of Ln(3+)-doped UCNPs are hindered by the small absorption cross-section and low upconversion luminescence efficiency of Ln(3+). To this regard, several effective strategies associated with energy transfer designing have been proposed to modulate the upconversion luminescence properties of Ln(3+) in the past few decades. In this feature article, we focus on the most recent development of optical property designing in Ln(3+)-doped UCNPs on the basis of energy transfer between Ln(3+)-Ln(3+), Ln(3+)-dyes, and Ln(3+)-quantum dots. Some future efforts towards the energy transfer designing in Ln(3+)-doped UCNPs are also proposed.