Journal
IBIS
Volume 159, Issue 4, Pages 778-791Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/ibi.12500
Keywords
Ametrornis; biogeography; Phaethornis bourcieri; systematics; taxonomy
Categories
Funding
- CNPq [310593/2009-3]
- 'INCT em Biodiversidade e Uso da Terra da Amazonia' [574008/2008-0, 563236/2010-8, 471342/2011-4]
- FAPESPA [ICAAF023/2011]
- NSF-FAPESP [1241066]
- sequential CNPq Master's and PhD fellowships
- CAPES PhD scholarships
- CNPq research productivity fellowship
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Straight-billed Hermit Phaethornis bourcieri inhabits the understorey of upland terra firme forest throughout most of the Amazon basin. Currently, two allopatric taxa regarded as subspecies are recognized: P. b. bourcieri and P. b. major. However, the validity, interspecific limits and evolutionary history of these taxa are not yet fully elucidated. We use molecular characters to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for populations and taxa grouped under Phaethornis bourcieri. Our results showed that P. bourcieri is part of the 'Ametrornis' clade, along with Phaethornis philippii and Phaethornis koepckeae, and that the subspecies major is more closely related to the latter two species than to populations grouped under nominate bourcieri. Our phylogenetic hypotheses recovered three main reciprocally monophyletic clades under nominate bourcieri separated by the lower Negro River and the Branco River or the Branco-Negro interfluve (clades B and C) and the upper Amazon (Solimoes) or lower Maranon/Ucayali Rivers (clades C and D). Based on multi-locus phylogeographic and population genetics approaches, we show that P. b. major is best treated as a separate species, and that P. b. bourcieri probably includes more than one evolutionary species, whose limits remain uncertain. The diversification of the 'Ametrornis' clade (P. bourcieri, P. philippii and P. koepckeae) is centred in the Amazon and appears to be closely linked to the formation of the modern Amazon drainage during the Plio-Pleistocene.
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