Journal
NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS
Volume 118, Issue -, Pages 3-17Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.012
Keywords
Research synthesis; Affective state; Cognitive bias; Animal welfare
Categories
Funding
- Australian Research Council Discovery Project [DP200100367]
- Carl Trygger's Foundation
- Swedish research council Formas
- UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [BB/P019218/1, BB/T002654/1]
- BBSRC SWBio DTP grant [BB/M009122/1]
- UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs grant) [NC/K00008X/1]
- BBSRC [BB/T002654/1, BB/P019218/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Just as happy people see the proverbial glass as half-full, 'optimistic' or 'pessimistic' responses to ambiguity might also reflect affective states in animals. Judgement bias tests, designed to measure these responses, are an increasingly popular way of assessing animal affect and there is now a substantial, but heterogeneous, literature on their use across different species, affect manipulations, and study designs. By conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of 459 effect sizes from 71 studies of non-pharmacological affect manipulations on 22 non-human species, we show that animals in relatively better conditions, assumed to generate more positive affect, show more 'optimistic' judgements of ambiguity than those in relatively worse conditions. Overall effects are small when considering responses to all cues, but become more pronounced when non-ambiguous training cues are excluded from analyses or when focusing only on the most divergent responses between treatment groups. Task type (go/no-go; go/go active choice), training cue reinforcement (reward-punishment; reward-null; reward-reward) and sex of animals emerge as potential moderators of effect sizes in judgement bias tests.
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