Dynamic stall on an airfoil undergoing VAWT blade angle of attack variations

Vertical axis wind turbines have several attractive features in the context of energy production in urban areas, but the inherent aerodynamic complexity of the flow around them has challenged their development on a larger scale. They generally operate at low tip speed ratios, where dynamic stall occurs on the blades. The vortex shedding associated with dynamic stall causes highly transient and heavy stress cycles that reduce the aerodynamic performance and increase the risk of fatigue and failure. The flow around an airfoil undergoing VAWT blade angle of attack variations was investigated using particle image velocimetry and force measurements. The formation of vortices and the lift force were studied for different tip speed ratios. A special focus was put on the effect of the asymmetry of the motion. The role of dynamic stall vortices on aerodynamic coefficients was evidenced by comparing experimental data to analytical predictions obtained from Theodorsen's model. For the lowest equivalent tip speed ratio clockwise and counter clockwise rotating dynamic stall vortices formed on the airfoil with increasing and decreasing angle of attack. The asymmetry in motion lead to an asymmetry in size of the clockwise and counter-clockwise vortices. As the asymmetry in motion has a strong effect on the flow behaviour, the local pitch rate was proposed as a governing parameter. The increase of extrema with increasing pitch rate varies for increasing and decreasing angle of attack, indicating an additional influence of the history of the flow development.