Journal
JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY
Volume 68, Issue 2, Pages 203-229Publisher
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2019.1648081
Keywords
Transgender; gender identity; labor force status; employment; unemployment; not in the labor force; labor force participation rate
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This study found that transgender women are more likely to be unemployed and face more disadvantages in the labor market compared to transgender men. The ability of others to identify transgender individuals as such is more strongly related to labor force status for men. There is no evidence that state-level employment non-discrimination laws are associated with improved labor force outcomes.
This study used data from the 2015 US Transgender Survey, which gathered information from the largest sample of trans individuals to date. High labor force participation rates and high unemployment rates were found for both trans men and women. However, women were more likely to be out of the labor force and less likely to be employed than men. The unemployment rate of trans women was greater than that of trans men with otherwise similar characteristics; these results are consistent with the existence of an additional labor market penalty for being female on top of a penalty for being transgender. While perceived gender incongruence (the ability of other people to identify transgender individuals as such) was more common among women, the relation of that variable with labor force status was stronger for men. There was no evidence that state-level employment non-discrimination laws were associated with improved labor force outcomes.
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