African Swine Fever Virus MGF360-12L Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Blocking the Interaction of Importin α and NF-κB Signaling Pathway

African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious transboundary disease of domestic pigs and wild boar and spreading throughout Eurasia. There is no vaccine and treatment available. Complex immune escape strategies of African swine fever virus (ASFV) are crucial factors affecting immune prevention and vaccine development. MGF360 genes have been implicated in the modulation of the IFN-I response. The molecular mechanisms contributing to innate immunity are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ASFV MGF360-12L (MGF360 families 12L protein) significantly inhibited the mRNA transcription and promoter activity of IFN-beta and NF-kappa B, accompanied by decreases of IRF3, STING, TBK1, ISG54, ISG56 and AP-1 mRNA transcription. Also, MGF360-12L might suppress the nuclear localization of p50 and p65 mediated by classical nuclear localization signal (NLS). Additionally, MGF360-12L could interact with KPNA2, KPNA3, and KPNA4, which interrupted the interaction between p65 and KPNA2, KPNA3, KPNA4. We further found that MGF360-12L could interfere with the NF-kappa B nuclear translocation by competitively inhibiting the interaction between NF-kappa B and nuclear transport proteins. These findings suggested that MGF360-12L could inhibit the IFN-I production by blocking the interaction of importin alpha and NF-kappa B signaling pathway, which might reveal a novel strategy for ASFV to escape the host innate immune response.

Automated summary

African swine fever virus protein MGF360-12L inhibits the transcription and promoter activity of IFN-beta and NF-kappa B, decreases the transcription levels of IRF3, STING, and other genes, disrupts the nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B, and interferes with IFN-I production by blocking the interaction of importin alpha and NF-kappa B signaling pathway, revealing a novel strategy for ASFV to evade host innate immune response.