Does national income mediate the relationship between trade and government size?

This paper estimates a panel model in which the relationship between trade and government size is determined by countries' per capita GDP. The panel model covers 126 countries during the 1980-2018 period. Estimates of the model show that the correlation between trade and government size is decreasing in the level of countries' per capita GDP. For high-income countries with a per capita GDP above $12000US, the association between trade and government size is negative. For low-income countries with a per capita GDP below $1000US, the relationship between trade and government size is positive. In the year 2018, the average country had a per capita GDP of about $14228US. For this country, the estimated coefficients suggest that a 1% increase in trade had a predicted association with the long-run level of the size of government of over 0.17%. The paper also presents estimates suggesting that the relationship between trade and the composition of government spending differs depending on countries' incomes.

Automated summary

This paper explores the relationship between trade and government size, finding that it depends on the countries' per capita GDP levels. For high-income countries, trade is negatively related to government size, while for low-income countries, the relationship is positive. Additionally, the paper suggests that the composition of government spending varies depending on countries' income levels.