Journal
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
SPRINGERNATURE
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00389-z
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81703268]
- National Postdoctoral Foundation of China [2019M663973]
- National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents [BX20180378]
- Excellent Youth Foundation of the Third Military Medical University
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Nitrogen mustard causes severe vesicating skin injury, partially through over-activating autophagy, and partly by activating the TRPV1-Ca2+-CaMKK beta-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that blocking TRPV1-dependent autophagy could be a potential treatment strategy for nitrogen mustard-caused cutaneous injury.
Nitrogen mustard (NM) causes severe vesicating skin injury, which lacks effective targeted therapies. The major limitation is that the specific mechanism of NM-induced skin injury is not well understood. Recently, autophagy has been found to play important roles in physical and chemical exposure-caused cutaneous injuries. However, whether autophagy contributes to NM-induced dermal toxicity is unclear. Herein, we initially confirmed that NM dose-dependently caused cell death and induced autophagy in keratinocytes. Suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, chloroquine, and bafilomycin A1 or ATG5 siRNA attenuated NM-induced keratinocyte cell death. Furthermore, NM increased transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) expression, intracellular Ca2+ content, and the activities of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase beta (CaMKK beta), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). NM-induced autophagy in keratinocytes was abolished by treatment with inhibitors of TRPV1 (capsazepine), CaMKK beta (STO-609), AMPK (compound C), and ULK1 (SBI-0206965) as well as TRPV1, CaMKK beta, and AMPK siRNA transfection. In addition, an mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) had no significant effect on NM-stimulated autophagy or cell death of keratinocytes. Finally, the results of the in vivo experiment in NM-treated skin tissues were consistent with the findings of the in vitro experiment. In conclusion, NM-caused dermal toxicity by overactivating autophagy partially through the activation of TRPV1-Ca2+-CaMKK beta-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that blocking TRPV1-dependent autophagy could be a potential treatment strategy for NM-caused cutaneous injury.
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