Journal
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Volume 14, Issue 3, Pages 1095-1120Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/d0ee03145c
Keywords
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Funding
- European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ERC Consolidator Grant) [682444]
- Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs
- Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment
- European Union Regional Development Fund
- Province of Fryslan
- Northern Netherlands Provinces
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This review summarizes the mechanisms and advancements in selective ion removal using different electrode materials in multicomponent solutions. The review covers progress in preparation, theoretical understanding, and ion selectivity definitions, as well as introduces a theory for intercalation materials that considers mixtures of different cations.
Within the last decade, in addition to water desalination, capacitive deionization (CDI) has been used for resource recovery and selective separation of target ions in multicomponent solutions. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of selective ion removal utilizing different electrode materials, carbon and non-carbon together with or without membranes, from a mixture of salt solutions, by a detailed review of the literature from the beginning until the state-of-the-art. In this venture, we review the advances made in the preparation, theoretical understanding, and the role of electrodes and membranes. We also describe how ion selectivity has been defined and used in literature. Finally, we present a theory of selective ion removal for intercalation materials that, for the first time, considers mixtures of different cations, evidencing the time-dependent selectivity of these electrodes.
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