Cerebrovascular involvement and clinical presentation of late-life depression, findings from the NESDO study

Objectives: The vascular depression hypothesis, which supposes a causal relation of vascular risk factors and vascular disease with depression, has not been definitively accepted. Inconsistent findings may be due to different clinical presentations of depression in older people with and without a clear history of stroke. We therefore aimed to investigate the association between vascular pathology, with and without previous stroke, and different symptom domains of depression.Method: For our study, we used baseline data of 378 people aged 60 years and older with a current depression who participated in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older persons (NESDO), an observational (multicentre) cohort study. Using all information on vascular pathology and risk factors, three classes were operationalized: a first class of depressed older people with previous stroke; a second class of depressed older people with cardiovascular and peripheral arterial diseases, but without stroke; and a third class of depressed older people with no vascular disease.Results: The depressed older people with previous stroke were characterized by more motivational' symptoms, which distinguished them from other depressed older people. Inclusion in this stroke group was also associated with having increased prevalence of hypertension, smoking more cigarettes, and lower alcohol consumption.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the vascular depression' connotation should be reserved for depressed (older) patients with vascular pathology and evident cerebral involvement.