Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS
Volume 40, Issue 2, Pages 274-286Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TCAD.2020.2998779
Keywords
Field programmable gate arrays; Nonvolatile memory; Random access memory; Routing; Decoding; Phase change materials; Tools; Field-programmable gate array (FPGA); nonvolatile memory (NVM); placement; wear leveling
Categories
Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2019YFB2102600]
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This article proposes performance-aware wear leveling schemes for nonvolatile FPGA to improve its lifetime. Two strategies, coarse-grained wear leveling (C-Pearl) and fine-grained wear leveling (F-Pearl), are developed to balance inter-BRAM and intra-BRAM writes. Evaluation results show that C-Pearl and F-Pearl can achieve higher lifetime improvement and lower performance overhead compared to traditional wear leveling (TWL).
Since static random access memory (SRAM)-based field-programmable gate array (FPGA) has limited density and comparatively high leakage power, researchers have proposed FPGA architectures based on emerging nonvolatile memories (NVMs) to satisfy the requirements of data-intensive and low-power applications. Among all components, block random access memory (BRAM) has the severest endurance problem in FPGA. Unluckily, traditional wear leveling (TWL) strategies cannot be directly applied to nonvolatile FPGA because it may induce large performance overhead. In this article, we propose performance-aware wear leveling schemes for nonvolatile FPGA to improve its lifetime. Two strategies pertaining to coarse-grained wear leveling (C-Pearl) and fine-grained wear leveling (F-Pearl) are developed to balance inter-BRAM and intra-BRAM writes. Procedures, including static analysis, wear leveling-guided placement, and reconfiguration are discussed. A supportive circuit design is proposed, too. The evaluation shows that C-Pearl and F-Pearl can achieve 34% and 46% higher lifetime improvement and simultaneously 8% and 11% lower performance overhead than TWL.
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