Intense east coast lows and associated rainfall in eastern Australia

East coast lows (ECLs) are low pressure systems that occur near the east coast of Australia. But not all lows cause the same level of impact, and a small proportion of ECLs are responsible for more than half of all days with widespread rainfall above 50 mm in this region. In this study, we combine analyses of cyclones at both the surface and 500 hPa levels to assess the locations of cyclones responsible for widespread heavy rainfall on the east coast. We found that the majority of days with widespread totals above 100 mm on the east coast occur when a low at 500 hPa over inland southeast Australia coincides with a surface low located more directly over the east coast. Such events occur on about 15 days per year but are responsible for more than 50% of days with widespread heavy rainfall on the eastern seaboard of Australia. We also found that extreme rainfall was most likely when both the surface and upper cyclones were very strong, when measured using the maximum Laplacian of pressure/height. The seasonal frequency of cyclones at the surface and 500 hPa were found to be only weakly correlated with each other and often had opposing relationships (albeit weak in magnitude) with both global climate drivers and indices of local circulation variability. Trends in cyclone frequency were weak over the period 1979-2019, but there was a small decline in the frequency of deep cyclone days, which was statistically significant in some parts of the southeast. Understanding which ECLs are associated with heavy rainfall will help us to better identify how future climate change will influence ECL impacts.

Automated summary

East coast lows (ECLs) are low pressure systems that occur near the east coast of Australia, with a small proportion responsible for a significant amount of rainfall days above 50 mm. The majority of heavy rainfall days on the east coast occur when a low at 500 hPa over inland southeast Australia coincides with a surface low located over the east coast. Understanding the relationship between ECLs and heavy rainfall will help anticipate the impacts of future climate change.