Journal
NANOSCALE
Volume 13, Issue 8, Pages 4420-4431Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00830g
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [52073219, 51833007, 21674084, 51690152]
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The study introduces a novel nano-educator that instructs myeloid cells to assist T cells in revitalizing anti-PD-1 therapy. In vivo experiments demonstrate that the nano-educator can convert myeloid-derived cells into dendritic cells, essential for anti-PD-1 therapy, and promote T cells' contribution to the treatment.
Traditional methods of depleting tumor-associated myeloid cells via chemotherapy can easily lead to the re-recruitment of them, eventually resulting in chemo-resistance and presenting obstacles in immunotherapy. Herein, we report a nano-educator (NE) that when loaded with all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and anti-PD-1 antibodies (aPD-1) instructs myeloid cells to assist T cells towards revitalizing anti-PD-1 therapy. In vivo, ATRA converts myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) into dendritic cells (DCs), which are essential for anti-PD-1 therapy, while intervening in the polarization of macrophages. Furthermore, aPD-1-armed T cells reboot anti-tumor immunity after suppression relief, which exposes tumor-specific antigens and in turn promotes the maturation of transformed DCs. The nano-platform provides shelter for vulnerable immunomodulatory agents and durable drug release to stimulate intensive immune modulation. We established three types of tumor-bearing mice models with different myeloid cell contents to show the spatiotemporal complementarity of ATRA and aPD-1. The NE re-educates the tumor's guard to assist T cells in enhanced immunotherapy, broadening the application of aPD-1 in the treatment of anti-PD-1-resistant tumors.
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