Journal
CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION
Volume 89, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103086
Keywords
Expectation disconfirmation; Expectation violation; Prediction error; Coping; Model
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Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [290878970-GRK 2271]
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This paper reviews seven theoretical models on how individuals cope with disconfirming expectations and discusses the similarities and differences between these models. The three core coping processes identified across most of these models are minimizing the importance of expectation-disconfirming evidence, searching for/producing future expectation-confirming evidence, and expectation change.
Individuals are often confronted with events that violate their expectations, but disconfirming evidence does not always lead to expectation change. We review seven theoretical models on how individuals cope with disconfirming expectations: associative learning theories, the ViolEx Model, the model of coping with expectation disconfirmation (Roese & Sherman, 2007), the Meaning Maintenance Model, the Predictive Processing Framework, Expectancy Violations Theory, and the Expectation-Disconfirmation Model of consumer satisfaction. We focus on the proposed processes that relate to persistence or change of expectations. We discuss similarities and differences between the models. Three core coping processes are identified across most of these models ? minimization of the importance of expectation-disconfirming evidence, search for/production of future expectation-confirming evidence, and expectation change. Suggestions for refinements and extensions of the models as well as for future empirical work on model testing are drawn.
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