Sensorized tissue analogues enabled by a 3D-printed conductive organogel

State-of-the-art tissue analogues used in high-fidelity, hands-on medical simulation modules can deliver lifelike appearance and feel but lack the capability to provide quantified, real-time assessment of practitioner performance. The monolithic fabrication of hybrid printed/textile piezoresistive strain sensors in a realistic Y/V plasty suture training pad is demonstrated. A class of 3D-printable organogels comprised of inexpensive and nonhazardous feedstocks is used as the sensing medium, and conductive composite threads are used as the electrodes. These organogels are comprised of a glycol-based deep-eutectic solvent (DES) serving as the ionic conductor and 3-trimethoxysilylmethacrylate-capped fumed silica particles serving as the gelating agent. Rheology measurements reveal the influence of fumed silica particle capping group on the mixture rheology. Freestanding strain sensors demonstrate a maximum strain amplitude of 300%, negligible signal drift, a monotonic sensor response, a low degree of hysteresis, and excellent cyclic stability. The increased contact resistance of the conductive thread electrodes used in place of wire electrodes do not make a significant impact on sensor performance. This work showcases the potential of these organogels utilized in sensorized tissue analogues and freestanding strain sensors for widespread applications in medical simulation and education.

Automated summary

This study demonstrates the fabrication of hybrid printed/textile piezoresistive strain sensors and the use of 3D-printable organogels as the sensing medium. The organogels show excellent strain sensor performance and stability, making them suitable for widespread applications in medical simulation and education.