2D Material Bubbles: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications

When 2D materials are supported by substrates, matter trapped at the interface can coalesce to form nano- and microscale bubbles. These bubbles often negatively impact the performance of 2D material devices as they impede charge/photon/phonon transport across the interface. The difficulties created by these bubbles spurred research to understand how they form, whether their formation can be controlled, and what kind of matter is trapped inside them. These 2D material bubbles have since been exploited for novel chemistry and physics because of their ability to pressurize the trapped matter and strain the confining 2D material. The fabrication, characterization, and applications of 2D material bubbles are summarized in this review.

Automated summary

When 2D materials are supported by substrates, bubbles can form at the interface, negatively impacting device performance but also offering opportunities for novel chemistry and physics research.