4.7 Review

Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Letter Immunology

A Case of Early Reinfection With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Derek Larson et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Immunology

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Re-infection by a Phylogenetically Distinct Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Strain Confirmed by Whole Genome Sequencing

Kelvin Kai-Wang To et al.

Summary: The study confirmed reinfection in an apparently immunocompetent patient 142 days after the first symptomatic episode, rather than persistent viral shedding. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may continue to circulate among humans, even with natural herd immunity, highlighting the need for further research on protective immunological correlates for vaccine design.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19

Lauren B. Rodda et al.

Summary: The study found that individuals recovered from mild COVID-19 develop sustained SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory for at least 3 months, including immunoglobulin antibodies, neutralizing plasma, and memory B and T cells. These memory lymphocytes exhibit potent antiviral function, aiding in immune defense.
Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Alessandro Sette et al.

Summary: The adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells, plays varying roles in different viral infections and vaccines. Studies are showing that CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all play a part in controlling SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the importance of understanding adaptive immunity in combating the disease.
Article Immunology

Assessment of the Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reinfection in an Intense Reexposure Setting

Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.

Summary: A study in Qatar found a low rate of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, with most cases being asymptomatic and suggesting protective immunity lasting for at least a few months post primary infection.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Immunology

Antibody potency, effector function, and combinations in protection and therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo

Alexandra Schafer et al.

Summary: The study shows that combined use of hu-mAbs is effective for prevention and therapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but in vivo protection is influenced by intact effector function.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques

Katherine McMahan et al.

Summary: Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent macaques protects naive macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cellular immune responses contribute to protection against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques, while higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2

Christian Gaebler et al.

Summary: After infection with SARS-CoV-2, antibody levels against the spike protein decrease significantly, but the number of memory B cells remain unchanged, indicating an evolving humoral response at 6.2 months after infection.

NATURE (2021)

Letter Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Toward superhuman SARS-CoV-2 immunity?

Dennis R. Burton et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Durability of Responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccination

Alicia T. Widge et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19

D. M. Weinreich et al.

Summary: Recent data indicate that complications and death from Covid-19 may be related to high viral loads. In this trial involving nonhospitalized patients, a cocktail of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (REGN-COV2) reduced viral load, with a greater effect in patients with no immune response or high viral load at baseline. Safety outcomes were similar between REGN-COV2 dose groups and the placebo group.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Interim Results of a Phase 1-2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine

J. Sadoff et al.

Summary: The study conducted a multicenter, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2a trial, with participants randomly assigned to receive the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. The results showed that the safety and immunogenicity profiles of the vaccine support further development.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Monoclonal Antibodies to Disrupt Progression of Early Covid-19 Infection

Myron S. Cohen

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers

S. F. Lumley et al.

Summary: In a longitudinal study of seropositive and seronegative health care workers undergoing asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing, the presence of anti-spike or anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibodies was associated with a substantially reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the ensuing 6 months.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults

R. Libster et al.

Summary: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma with high IgG titers against SARS-CoV-2 in older adult patients within 72 hours after the onset of mild Covid-19 symptoms found that early administration of high-titer convalescent plasma reduced the progression of Covid-19 in mildly ill infected older adults.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody for Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19

Summary: In a platform trial involving patients hospitalized with Covid-19, among 314 patients who were also being treated with remdesivir, those who received the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 did not have better pulmonary function at day 5 than those who received placebo. The trial was stopped for futility.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19

M. J. Joyner et al.

Summary: This study found that higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels in convalescent plasma were associated with a lower risk of death among patients hospitalized with Covid-19 who were not receiving mechanical ventilation. The association between antibody levels and mortality risk was moderated by mechanical ventilation status, with no significant effect seen in patients who had already received ventilation.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19

Peter Chen et al.

Summary: LY-CoV555, a neutralizing antibody, showed promising results in reducing viral load, improving symptoms, and lowering the risk of hospitalization among patients with mild or moderate Covid-19. While one of the doses appeared to accelerate the decline in viral load, others did not show significant effects by day 11.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Herd immunity by infection is not an option

Devi Sridhar et al.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Three-quarters attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brazilian Amazon during a largely unmitigated epidemic

Lewis F. Buss et al.

Summary: Research indicates that the attack rate of COVID-19 in Manaus, the capital of Amazonas state in northern Brazil, reached 66% in June 2020, rising to 76% by October, higher than the estimated attack rate of 29% in Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil, during the same period.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity

Jennie S. Lavine et al.

Summary: The study suggests that infection-blocking immunity to SARS-CoV-2 wanes rapidly while disease-reducing immunity is long-lived. The model predicts that once reaching endemic phase, SARS-CoV-2 may become no more virulent than the common cold. However, a different outcome is predicted for an emergent coronavirus causing severe disease in children.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Maturation and persistence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory B cell response

Aurelien Sokal et al.

Summary: Memory B cells play a crucial role in host defense against SARS-CoV-2, with distinct B cell clone responses to the virus contributing to long-lasting immune protection. The study also highlights the significance of somatic mutations in the variable region genes of memory B cells over time, indicating continued maturation and long-term immune memory post-infection.
Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions for optimal therapeutic protection

Emma S. Winkler et al.

Summary: This study found that neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2-infected animals require Fc effector functions for optimal protection, reducing inflammation, improving respiratory mechanics, and being associated with diminished immune signaling and tissue repair.
Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody response to first BNT162b2 dose in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals

Charlotte Manisty et al.

LANCET (2021)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence

Ester C. Sabino et al.

LANCET (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial

Yanjun Zhang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate CoronaVac, and found that the 3 μg dose showed higher seroconversion rates in the phase 2 trial.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants

Zijun Wang et al.

Summary: Volunteers who received the Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine showed high levels of antibodies and memory B cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, with activity similar to individuals who had recovered from natural infection. However, their efficacy against specific SARS-CoV-2 variants was reduced, indicating a potential need for periodic updates to mRNA vaccines to maintain clinical efficacy.

NATURE (2021)

Article Immunology

Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection

Jianmin Zuo et al.

Summary: The study shows that functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are retained and robust at 6 months following infection, with higher T cell responses observed in donors who had experienced symptomatic infection. Levels of nucleoprotein-specific T cells were correlated with nucleoprotein-specific antibody levels, providing insights into the persistence and correlation of immune responses.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies

Rita E. Chen et al.

Summary: The study analyzed antibody neutralization activity against a panel of authentic isolates and chimeric SARS-CoV-2 variants, showing significantly reduced neutralizing activity against the B.1.351 variant first identified in South Africa. Antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain, monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera, and mRNA vaccine-induced immune sera exhibited decreased inhibitory activity against viruses with an E484K spike mutation, suggesting a need for updated monoclonal antibodies or vaccine adjustments to prevent loss of protection against emerging variants.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma

Constantinos Kurt Wibmer et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus in the B.1.351 variant discovered in South Africa can evade neutralization by most antibodies when expressed, but does not affect binding by convalescent plasma. This suggests the potential for reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and predicts reduced efficacy of spike-based vaccines.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Sixteen novel lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa

Houriiyah Tegally et al.

Summary: The study identified 16 new lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa between March and August 2020, with unique mutations not found elsewhere. Three lineages (B.1.1.54, B.1.1.56, and C.1) dominated during the country's first wave, accounting for approximately 42% of all infections. The C.1 lineage, with 16 nucleotide mutations including the D614G spike protein change, became the most geographically widespread by August 2020. Genomic surveillance played a crucial role in identifying the 501Y.V2 variant in South Africa in December 2020.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody Responses in Seropositive Persons after a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine

Florian Krammer et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum

Yang Liu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England

Nicholas G. Davies et al.

Summary: A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 has emerged in England, with a higher reproduction number and potential for large resurgences of COVID-19 cases. Without stringent control measures, it is projected that COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in England for the first 6 months of 2021 will exceed those in 2020. The variant has spread globally and exhibited similar transmission increases in Denmark, Switzerland, and the United States.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study

Christian Holm Hansen et al.

Summary: The study investigated the protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, with results showing an 80.5% protection rate for individuals previously infected. Even in the population aged 65 years and older, the protection rate against reinfection reached 47.1%, with no significant differences observed by gender or time since infection.

LANCET (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

S. A. Madhi et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine did not provide significant protection against mild-to-moderate Covid-19 caused by the B.1.351 variant, with an efficacy of 10.4%. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Cell Biology

T cell and antibody kinetics delineate SARS-CoV-2 peptides mediating long-term immune responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals

Tatjana Bilich et al.

Summary: The study found that antibody responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals decreased or remained stable within 6 months, while T cell responses showed a robust increase. T cell responses included key epitopes that mediate long-term SARS-CoV-2 immunity.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

Article Immunology

Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody Titers in the Months After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

Katharine H. D. Crawford et al.

Summary: Antibody levels, including neutralizing antibodies, decline after SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a 4-fold average decrease in titers from 1 to 4 months after symptom onset. This decline is accompanied by a decrease in total antibodies capable of binding the viral spike protein. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term durability of immunity to SARS-CoV-2, including examination of long-lived B cells and antibody titers over extended periods.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Immunology

Longitudinal Serological Analysis and Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Patients

Frauke Muecksch et al.

Summary: Understanding the longitudinal trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is crucial for diagnosis and immunity prediction. Different serological assays have varying suitability for surveillance and prediction of neutralization potency, with S-based assays better predicting neutralization levels over time.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Editorial Material Immunology

Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19

Haley E. Randolph et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques

Abishek Chandrashekar et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Article Immunology

Direct Observation of Repeated Infections With Endemic Coronaviruses

Marta Galanti et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity

Carolyn Rydyznski Moderbacher et al.

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals

Davide F. Robbiani et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19

Jennifer A. Juno et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Rapid Decay of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19

F. Javier Ibarrondo et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2-Preliminary Report

L. A. Jackson et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques

Wei Deng et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development

Florian Krammer

NATURE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting

Arthur W. D. Edridge et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates

Edward E. Walsh et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

Article Microbiology

Decline of Humoral Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in Convalescent Individuals

Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussieres et al.

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Healthy donor T cell responses to common cold coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2

Bezawit A. Woldemeskel et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months

Ania Wajnberg et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Review Immunology

Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models

David S. Khoury et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Heterogeneity and longevity of antibody memory to viruses and vaccines

Alice Antia et al.

PLOS BIOLOGY (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Plasma cell survival in the absence of B cell memory

Erika Hammarlund et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2017)

Review Immunology

The race between infection and immunity: how do pathogens set the pace?

Miles P. Davenport et al.

TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2009)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens

Ian J. Amanna et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2007)

Article Immunology

1918 influenza: the mother of all pandemics

JK Taubenberger et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2006)