Moderate Grazer Density Stabilizes Forage Availability More Than Patch Burning in Low-Stature Grassland

Spatially patchy fire creates landscape-level diversity that in turn stabilizes several rangeland ecosystem services, including forage production and habitat availability. To enhance biodiversity and livestock production, efforts are underway to restore fire regimes in rangelands throughout the Great Plains. However, invasive species such as tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus syn. Festuca arundinacea, initially introduced for forage production, hamper prescribed fire use. Grazer density, or stocking rate, modulates the effect of patchy fire regimes on ecological patterns in invaded, semi-natural rangeland pastures. We compare three diversity-stability responses-temporal variability in aboveground plant biomass, portfolio effects among plant functional groups, and beta diversity in plant functional group composition-in pastures managed with two different fire regimes through three periods of heavy, light, and moderate stocking rate in southern Iowa, USA. Pastures were either burned in patches, with one-third of the pasture burned each year, or completely burned every third year. The period of moderate grazer density had the least temporal variability in aboveground plant biomass, regardless of fire regime. We also found statistical evidence for a portfolio effect under moderate stocking, where diversification of plant communities through varying cover of functional groups can stabilize communities by reducing year-to-year variability. Beta diversity among plant functional groups was greatest during the moderate grazer density period as well. The short stature of tall fescue prevented the patch-burning regime to create contrast in vegetation structure among patches, and there was no difference in any diversity-stability mechanism response across the two different patterns of burning. Although longitudinal, these data suggest that temporal variability in aboveground plant biomass declines with diversity-stability mechanisms that underlie ecosystem function. Our results also support a decades-old principle of range management: moderate grazing intensity enhances diversity and stability, which has been shown to buffer forage shortfalls during drought.

Automated summary

Spatially patchy fire creates landscape-level diversity that stabilizes rangeland ecosystem services, but invasive species and grazing intensity can impact the effectiveness of fire regimes. A study in southern Iowa showed that moderate grazing intensity resulted in the least temporal variability in aboveground plant biomass and supported a portfolio effect among plant functional groups to stabilize communities. Beta diversity among plant functional groups was greatest during the moderate grazer density period, suggesting that diversity and stability were enhanced under moderate grazing.