Endogenous retroviruses in the origins and treatment of cancer

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are emerging as promising therapeutic targets in cancer. As remnants of ancient retroviral infections, ERV-derived regulatory elements coordinate expression from gene networks, including those underpinning embryogenesis and immune cell function. ERV activation can promote an interferon response, a phenomenon termed viral mimicry. Although ERV expression is associated with cancer, and provisionally with autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, ERV-mediated inflammation is being explored as a way to sensitize tumors to immunotherapy. Here we review ERV co-option in development and innate immunity, the aberrant contribution of ERVs to tumorigenesis, and the wider biomedical potential of therapies directed at ERVs.

Automated summary

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are emerging as promising therapeutic targets in cancer, coordinating gene expression networks and promoting interferon responses. Despite being associated with cancer, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases, harnessing ERV-mediated inflammation may sensitize tumors to immunotherapy.