Sewage sludge ash characteristics and potential for use in concrete

Sewage sludge ash (SSA) use in concrete related applications is assessed through systematic review involving analysis and evaluation of the global literature found published since 1983. The material characteristics indicate potential for various applications: in small dosages as raw feed in Portland cement production, as fine and filler aggregates, or in ground form as cement component, with manageable effects on performance. Using manufactured SSA aggregate, concrete strength suitable for structural applications and lightweight properties comparable to Leca are attainable. SSA can be used in bulk, in controlled low strength materials (CLSM), aerated and foamed concretes. Reported case studies give encouraging signals. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.