Spatial Distribution, Environmental Risk and Safe Utilization Zoning of Soil Heavy Metals in Farmland, Subtropical China

Heavy metal (HM) accumulation in farmland soil can be transferred to the human body through the food chain, posing a serious threat to human health. Exploring the environmental risk and safe utilization zoning of soil HMs in farmland can provide the basis for the formulation of effective control strategies. Soil samples from typical subtropical farmland were collected in Jinhua City and analyzed for HMs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The objective of this study was to explore the spatial distribution and environmental risk of soil HMs, and then divide the safe utilization area of soil HMs of farmland in Jinhua City. The results showed that the mean concentrations of soil HMs were, in descending order: Zn (76.05 mg kg(-1)) > Cr (36.73 mg kg(-1)) > Pb (32.48 mg kg(-1)) > Cu (18.60 mg kg(-1)) > Ni (11.95 mg kg(-1)) > As (6.37 mg kg(-1)) > Cd (0.18 mg kg(-1)) > Hg (0.11 mg kg(-1)), and all determined soil HMs did not exceed the risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land of China. The fitted semi-variogram showed that the spatial autocorrelation of Cd, Hg, Pb, and Zn was weak, with island-shaped distribution, while As, Cr, Cu, and Ni had medium spatial autocorrelation, with strip-shaped and island-shaped distribution. The hot spot analysis and environmental risk probability showed that the environmental risks of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cu were relatively high, whereas those of Cr, Hg, and Ni were relatively low. Safe utilization zones and basic safe utilization zones accounted for 89.35% and 8.58% of the total farmland area in Jinhua, respectively, and only a small part of the farmland soil was at risk of use.

Automated summary

The study found that the concentrations of soil HMs in Jinhua City were mainly highest in Zn, Cr, and Pb. None of the determined soil HMs exceeded China's risk screening values for agricultural land contamination. The spatial distribution of soil HMs showed different levels of autocorrelation and environmental risk probability in different areas, with the majority of farmland in Jinhua City falling within safe utilization zones.