Pentraxin-3 inhibits milky spots metastasis of gastric cancer by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization

Purpose: Recent studies have indicated that Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is related to invasion, migration and metastasis of gastric cancer cells (GCCs). However, the function of PTX3 in stemness and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) polarization in GC has not yet been revealed. Here, we investigated the role of PTX3 in TAMs polarization and stemness in gastric cancer (GC), and further explored the effect of PTX3 on milky spot metastasis of gastric cancer. Methods: PTX3 expression in human gastric cancer tissues was examined with immunohistochemistry (IHC). The influence on stemness of gastric cancer cells was examined by sphere formation assay and western blot. qRT-PCR, IHC and flow cytometry were used to evaluate M1/M2 macrophage signatures. The effects of PTX3 on TAM polarization and milky spots were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The possible mechanism of PTX3 on targeted cytokines and pathway were analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Results: We found that PTX3 was low expressed in gastric carcinoma tissues and associated with stemness and polarization of macrophages. The upregulation of PTX3 inhibited the stemness of GCCs. Furthermore, PTX3 suppressed the polarization of M2 macrophages in the milky spots in vivo and in vitro and inhibited the metastasis of GC into milky spots. PTX3 restrained the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 via the inhibition of phosphorylation of the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) in GCCs. Conclusion: These results revealed a novel mechanism of PTX3 in GC, which may participate in the development and metastasis of GC by affecting stemness and macrophage polarization. PTX3 should be considered as a crucial biomarker and may be potentially used in targeted therapy in GC progression.

Automated summary

Recent studies have shown that Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is associated with invasion, migration, and metastasis of gastric cancer cells (GCCs). This study found that PTX3 is lowly expressed in gastric carcinoma tissues and influences the stemness and macrophage polarization. Upregulation of PTX3 inhibits stemness of GCCs and suppresses M2 macrophage polarization in milky spots, leading to a reduction in gastric cancer metastasis.