Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW RESEARCH
Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.023252
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Funding
- Department of Energy, Photonics at Thermodynamic Limits Energy Frontier Research Center [DE-SC0019140]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, CPIMS Program Early Career Research Program [DE-FOA-0002019]
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This article introduces a response theory for open quantum systems subject to a Hamiltonian perturbation within nonequilibrium steady states, finding that the system's response to a small perturbation is not simply related to a correlation function within the system. In some limiting cases, a perturbative expansion exists when the perturbation is small relative to the coupling to the surroundings, while in other cases, the secular approximation results in a singular response that can be described by reverting to a microscopic Hamiltonian description.
We introduce a response theory for open quantum systems within nonequilibrium steady states subject to a Hamiltonian perturbation. Working in the weak system-bath coupling regime, our results are derived within the Lindblad-Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan formalism. We find that the response of the system to a small perturbation is not simply related to a correlation function within the system, unlike traditional linear response theory in closed systems or expectations from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. In limiting cases, when the perturbation is small relative to the coupling to the surroundings or when it does not lead to a change of the eigenstructure of the system, a perturbative expansion exists where the response function is related to a sum of a system correlation functions and additional forces induced by the surroundings. Away from these limiting regimes, however, the secular approximation results in a singular response that cannot be captured within the traditional approach but can be described by reverting to a microscopic Hamiltonian description. These findings are illustrated by explicit calculations in coupled qubits and anharmonic oscillators in contact with bosonic baths at different temperatures.
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