Adolescents' symptoms of anxiety and depression before and during the Covid-19 outbreak - A prospective population-based study of teenagers in Norway

Background: Lockdown policies related to the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic has potential negative consequences for mental health in youths. Methods: Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed in 3 572 adolescents, age 13 to 16 using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-10), in a representative longitudinal survey of Norwegian youths between February 2019 (T1) and June 2020 (T2). Predictors for symptom change were analysed with linear mixed-effects models. Findings: Overall, clinical levels of anxiety and depression increased slightly from 5.5% at T1 to 6.3% at T2; Chi square 224.4 (df = 1), p<.001. However, the observed change was driven by the increase in age between assessments. Being a girl, having pre-existing mental health problems, and living in a single-parent household at T1, predicted higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms at T2 (p<.001). Living in a single-parent household was associated with a significant increase in symptoms, also when age was controlled for (p<.001). Living in a poor family however, or having a history of maltreatment, was associated with a significantly lower increase in symptoms (p<.001). Interpretation: Anxiety and depressive symptoms increased slightly in Norwegian youths between 2019 and 2020, but this change seemed to be driven by increase in age rather than pandemic-related measures. Symptom levels were unevenly distributed across demographic groups both before and during the pandemic outbreak, indicating that health disparities persist for adolescents in risk groups during a pandemic. Health inequities related to living conditions need to be addressed in future action plans, and intensified measures to mitigate inequities are needed. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Automated summary

The study found that anxiety and depressive symptoms in Norwegian youths slightly increased between 2019 and 2020, mainly driven by age increase rather than pandemic-related measures. Female gender, pre-existing mental health issues, and living in a single-parent household were associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms during the pandemic. However, living in a poor family or having a history of maltreatment were linked to a lesser increase in symptoms.