Journal
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
Volume 21, Issue 13, Pages 14522-14539Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3074311
Keywords
Sensors; Biomedical monitoring; Monitoring; Biosensors; Wearable sensors; Glucose; Amperometric sensors; Amperometry; biofuel cells; differential pulse voltammetry; electrochemical; energy harvesting; glucose sensors; ion-selective electrodes; potentiometry; sweat sensors; wearable
Funding
- Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province [2020B0101030002]
- Chinese University of Hong Kong [4055121]
- Research Grant Council of Hong Kong SAR [24201020]
- National Nature Science Foundation of China [61874035]
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This review highlights the recent progress in the development and application of electrochemical sweat sensors and self-powered systems for wearable applications, including various types of sensors and novel functional nanomaterials. The advancement of battery-free wearable devices, such as self-powered biofuel cells and energy harvesting from novel materials, are also discussed, along with the challenges and opportunities in developing sweat sensor-based wearable systems for future directions.
Thanks to rapid technological innovation over the last decade, a wide range of wearable devices have emerged, playing an inspiring role in healthcare, diagnostics, and sports monitoring. This review summarizes recent progress in the development and application of electrochemical (EC) sweat sensors and self-powered systems for wearable applications. Presented here are the most common types of EC sweat sensors, namely potentiometric ion-selective electrodes, amperometric enzymatic and non-enzymatic sensors, as well as differential pulse voltammetric sensors. The sensing principle and novel functional nanomaterials that are used to enhance the performance of wearable sweat sensors and their applications are summarized. The recent advancement of battery-free wearable devices is presented, including self-powered biofuel cells (BFC), energy harvesting from novel materials and its strategy, are also discussed. The challenges in, and opportunities for, the development of sweat sensor-based wearable systems moving forward are reviewed, with the aim of shedding some light on future directions.
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