Organoids: a novel modality in disease modeling

Limitations of monolayer culture conditions have motivated scientists to explore new models that can recapitulate the architecture and function of human organs more accurately. Recent advances in the improvement of protocols have resulted in establishing three-dimensional (3D) organ-like architectures called 'organoids' that can display the characteristics of their corresponding real organs, including morphological features, functional activities, and personalized responses to specific pathogens. We discuss different organoid-based 3D models herein, which are classified based on their original germinal layer. Studies of organoids simulating the complexity of real tissues could provide novel platforms and opportunities for generating practical knowledge along with preclinical studies, including drug screening, toxicology, and molecular pathophysiology of diseases. This paper also outlines the key challenges, advantages, and prospects of current organoid systems. [GRAPHICS] .

Automated summary

The limitations of monolayer culture have prompted scientists to explore new models that can accurately replicate the architecture and function of human organs. Recent advancements in protocol improvement have led to the development of three-dimensional organ-like structures known as 'organoids', which can mimic the characteristics of real organs. These organoid-based 3D models offer novel opportunities for drug screening, toxicology research, and molecular pathophysiology studies.