Hydrological cycle and water resources in a changing world: A review

Water is the fundamental natural resource that supports life, ecosystems and human society. Thus studying the water cycle is important for sustainable development. In the context of global climate change, a better under -standing of the water cycle is needed. This study summarises current research and highlights future directions of water science from four perspectives: (i) the water cycle; (ii) hydrologic processes; (iii) coupled natural-social water systems; and (iv) integrated watershed management. Emphasis should be placed on understanding the joint impacts of climate change and human activities on hydrological processes and water resources across temporal and spatial scales. Understanding the interactions between land and atmosphere are keys to addressing this is-sue. Furthermore systematic approaches should be developed for large basin studies. Areas for focused research include: variations of cryosphere hydrological processes in upper alpine zones; and human activities on the wa-ter cycle and relevant biogeochemical processes in middle-lower reaches. Because the water cycle is naturally coupled with social characteristics across multiple scales, multi-process and multi-scale models are needed. Hy-drological studies should use this new paradigm as part of water-food-energy fronder research. This will help to promote interdisciplinary study across natural and social sciences in accordance with the United Nation's sustainable development goals.

Automated summary

Water is a fundamental natural resource that supports life, ecosystems, and human society. Studying the water cycle is crucial for sustainable development, particularly in the context of global climate change. Better understanding the impacts of climate change and human activities on hydrological processes and water resources across temporal and spatial scales is essential. Systematic approaches for large basin studies and interdisciplinary research are needed to address the joint impacts of these factors and promote sustainable development in line with the United Nations' goals.