Journal
POLYMER-PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS
Volume 60, Issue 17, Pages 1845-1883Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1934016
Keywords
4D printing; fabrication of shape-memory materials; stimuli-responsive materials; shape memory effect
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Smart materials with sensing, memorizing, and changing capabilities have led to the development of 4D printing. This review article summarizes the progression of intelligent materials, important stimuli, multiple parameters, modeling of SMMs, filler interaction in SMCs, demand for 4D printing, and future challenges.
Smart materials are capable of sensing, memorizing, and changing their structure. Fabrication of smart materials established a modern-day technology called additive manufacturing (AM). However, non-uniform shrinkage, anisotropic behavior, and the 3D printing technique's static nature gave way to 4D printing with an additional 4th coordinate as a time for the dynamic design structures. This review article converges the progression, inclusions of intelligent materials, significant stimulus, multiple parameters, modeling of SMMs, filler interaction in SMCs, additive manufacturing processes applied for 4D printing, characterization techniques, and region of demand of 4D printing, as well as challenges and future scope in 4D printing.
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