Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAIN
Volume 21, Issue 8, Pages 1366-1377Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1035
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Funding
- Innovation Scheme Vidi Grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)
- ERC Consolidator Grant from the European Research Council (ERC)
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Background: Placebo effects on pain are reliably observed in the literature. A core mechanism of these effects is response expectancies. Response expectancies can be formed by instructions, prior experiences and observation of others. Whether mental imagery of a response can also induce placebo- like expectancy effects on pain has not yet been studied systematically. Methods: In Study 1, 80 healthy participants were randomly allocated to (i) response imagery or (ii) control imagery. In Study 2, 135 healthy participants were randomly allocated to (i) response imagery with a verbal suggestion regarding its effectiveness, (ii) response imagery only, or (iii) no intervention. In both studies, expected and experienced pain during cold pressor tests were measured pre- and post- intervention, along with psychological and physiological measures. Results: Participants rated pain as less intense after response imagery than after control imagery in Study 1 (p = 0.044, g2p = 0.054) and as less intense after response imagery (with or without verbal suggestion) than after no imagery in Study 2 (p < 0.001, g2p = 0.154). Adding a verbal suggestion did not affect pain (p = 0.068, g2p = 0.038). The effects of response imagery on experienced pain were mediated by expected pain. Conclusions: Thus, in line with research on placebo effects, the current findings indicate that response imagery can induce analgesia, via its effects on response expectancies. Significance: The reported studies extend research on placebo effects by demonstrating that mental imagery of reduced pain can induce placebo- like expectancy effects on pain.
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