Complications in laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery: definitions, classifications, incidence and risk factors-an up-to-date review

Almost all gynecological and general-surgical operations are - or can be - performed laparoscopically. In comparison to an abdominal approach, the minimally invasive access offers several advantages; however, laparoscopy (both conventional and robotic-assisted) can be associated with a number of approach-specific complications. Although the majority of them are related to the laparoscopic entry, adverse events may also occur due to the presence of pneumoperitoneum or the use of laparoscopic instruments. Unfortunately, a high proportion of complications (especially affecting the bowel and ureter) remain unrecognized during surgery. This narrative review provides comprehensive up-to-date information about definitions, classifications, risk factors and incidence of surgical complications in conventional and robotic-assisted laparoscopy, with a special focus on gynecology. The topic is discussed from various perspectives, e.g. in the context of stage of surgery, injured organs, involved instruments, and in relation to malpractice claims.

Automated summary

Laparoscopic surgery is widely used in gynecology and general surgery, but may be associated with complications. Adverse events can be related to laparoscopic entry, pneumoperitoneum, or the use of instruments. This review provides comprehensive information on surgical complications in laparoscopy with a special focus on gynecology.