Journal
AGRIENGINEERING
Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 542-558Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering3030035
Keywords
disease classification; machine learning; deep learning; feature extraction
Categories
Funding
- Sichuan Science and Technology Program [2021YFN0020]
- Postgraduate Innovation Fund of Xihua University [YCJJ2020041]
- Key Project of Xihua University [DC1900007141]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31870347]
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Timely treatment of diseases can reduce tomato production loss. Researchers found that deep learning networks outperformed machine learning algorithms in the tomato disease classification problem. Among the tested ML/DL algorithms, the ResNet34 network achieved the best results.
Tomato production can be greatly reduced due to various diseases, such as bacterial spot, early blight, and leaf mold. Rapid recognition and timely treatment of diseases can minimize tomato production loss. Nowadays, a large number of researchers (including different institutes, laboratories, and universities) have developed and examined various traditional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms for plant disease classification. However, through pass survey analysis, we found that there are no studies comparing the classification performance of ML and DL for the tomato disease classification problem. The performance and outcomes of different traditional ML and DL (a subset of ML) methods may vary depending on the datasets used and the tasks to be solved. This study generally aimed to identify the most suitable ML/DL models for the PlantVillage tomato dataset and the tomato disease classification problem. For machine learning algorithm implementation, we used different methods to extract disease features manually. In our study, we extracted a total of 52 texture features using local binary pattern (LBP) and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) methods and 105 color features using color moment and color histogram methods. Among all the feature extraction methods, the COLOR+GLCM method obtained the best result. By comparing the different methods, we found that the metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score) of the tested deep learning networks (AlexNet, VGG16, ResNet34, EfficientNet-b0, and MobileNetV2) were all better than those of the measured machine learning algorithms (support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (kNN), and random forest (RF)). Furthermore, we found that, for our dataset and classification task, among the tested ML/DL algorithms, the ResNet34 network obtained the best results, with accuracy of 99.7%, precision of 99.6%, recall of 99.7%, and F1 score of 99.7%.
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