In Situ/Operando Advances of Electrode Processes in Solid-state Lithium Batteries

Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) are considered to be an important development direction for the next generation of power batteries due to their safety and potentially high energy density. However, there are several challenges including low ionic conductivity, poor stability/incompatibility between electrodes and electrolytes at present. To improve the performance of SSLBs, it is very important to clarify the dynamic evolution of electrodes, solid electrolytes, and their interfaces in the cycle process. In the past few decades, the emergence of various advanced in-situ characterization technologies has improved the understanding of the working mechanism of high-performance lithium batteries and promoted further development. Herein. we present a comprehensive overview of the in situ research progress of atomic force microscope, electron microscope, X-ray microscope and other imaging characterization techniques, and component analysis techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray technology, and neutron depth analysis in recent years. The focus is on the application research of various characterization techniques in morphology and composition evolution processes of the SSLBs, including the phase transformation and deformation of the cathode materials, the deposition/dissolution of lithium metal, the growth of lithium dendrites, the structure evolution of solid electrolytes, and the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, which strengths the understanding of solid-state lithium batteries.

Automated summary

Solid-state lithium batteries are considered important for the next generation of power batteries due to their safety and potential high energy density. However, challenges such as low ionic conductivity and instability between electrodes and electrolytes still exist. Understanding the dynamic evolution of electrodes, solid electrolytes, and their interfaces is crucial for improving battery performance.