Voltage gradient mapping and electrophysiologically guided cryoablation in children with AVNRT

Aims Recently, voltage gradient mapping of Koch's triangle to find low-voltage connections, or 'voltage bridges', corresponding to the anatomic position of the slow pathway, has been introduced as a method to ablate atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) in children. Thus, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of voltage mapping of Koch's triangle, combined with the search for the slow potential signal in 'low-voltage bridges', to guide cryoablation of AVNRT in children. Methods and results From June 2015 to May 2016, 35 consecutive paediatric patients (mean age 12.1 +/- 4.5 years) underwent 3D-guided cryoablation of AVNRT at our Institution. Fifteen children were enrolled as control group (mean age 14 +/- 4 years). A voltage gradient mapping of Koch's triangle was obtained in all patients, showing low-voltage connections in all children with AVNRT but not in controls. Prior to performing cryoablation, we looked for the typical 'hump and spike' electrogram, generally considered to be representative of slow pathway potential within a low-voltage bridge. In all patients the 'hump and spike' electrogram was found inside bridges of low voltage. Focal or highdensity linear lesions, extended or not, were delivered guided by low-voltage bridge visualization. Acute success rate was 100%, and no recurrence was reported at a mean follow-up of 8 +/- 3 months. Conclusions Voltage gradient mapping of Koch's triangle, combined with the search for the slow potential signal in low-voltage bridges, is effective in guiding cryoablation of AVNRT in paediatric patients, with a complete acute success rate and no AVNRT recurrences at mid-term follow-up.