Protein-Based 3D Biofabrication of Biomaterials

Protein/peptide-based hydrogel biomaterial inks with the ability to incorporate various cells and mimic the extracellular matrix's function are promising candidates for 3D printing and biomaterials engineering. This is because proteins contain multiple functional groups as reactive sites for enzymatic, chemical modification or physical gelation or cross-linking, which is essential for the filament formation and printing processes in general. The primary mechanism in the protein gelation process is the unfolding of its native structure and its aggregation into a gel network. This network is then stabilized through both noncovalent and covalent cross-link. Diverse proteins and polypeptides can be obtained from humans, animals, or plants or can be synthetically engineered. In this review, we describe the major proteins that have been used for 3D printing, highlight their physicochemical properties in relation to 3D printing and their various tissue engineering application are discussed.

Automated summary

Protein/peptide-based hydrogel biomaterial inks are promising for 3D printing due to their ability to incorporate various cells and mimic the extracellular matrix. Proteins contain multiple functional groups essential for filament formation and printing, with gelation process involving unfolding and aggregation into a network stabilized by noncovalent and covalent cross-links. Various proteins can be obtained from natural or synthetic sources for tissue engineering applications.