Journal
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769501
Keywords
indole; indole derivates; intestinal inflammation; liver diseases; tryptophan metabolites
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81830119, 82174249, SHD2020CR2049B]
- Shanghai Science and Technology Commission [19401970300, 20Y21901700]
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Indole and its derivatives, produced by intestinal microorganisms from tryptophan metabolism, play important roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and impacting liver metabolism and the immune response through activation of nuclear receptors and regulation of intestinal hormones. The therapeutic prospects of indoles are promising in the treatment of intestinal and liver diseases.
The interaction between host and microorganism widely affects the immune and metabolic status. Indole and its derivatives are metabolites produced by the metabolism of tryptophan catalyzed by intestinal microorganisms. By activating nuclear receptors, regulating intestinal hormones, and affecting the biological effects of bacteria as signaling molecules, indole and its derivatives maintain intestinal homeostasis and impact liver metabolism and the immune response, which shows good therapeutic prospects. We reviewed recent studies on indole and its derivatives, including related metabolism, the influence of diets and intestinal commensal bacteria, and the targets and mechanisms in pathological conditions, especially progress in therapeutic strategies. New research insights into indoles will facilitate a better understanding of their druggability and application in intestinal and liver diseases.
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