Performance of an integrated system combining microalgae and vertical flow constructed wetlands for urban wastewater treatment

The present study investigated the performance of an integrated system, combining the sequential use of microalgae (MA) and vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) for the treatment of wastewaters produced at a university campus. Ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity assays were performed using respectively Daphnia magna and Lactuca sativa, whereas the genotoxicity of the wastewaters was assessed by using D. magna and Allium cepa. The results revealed that the major environmental impacts of the studied wastewaters are associated with the high eutrophication potential, due to high N-NH3 (68.8 +/- 25.7 mg L-1), total P (7.71 +/- 2.5 mg L-1), and BOD5 (526.4 +/- 177 mg L-1) values, pathogenic load, and genototoxicity (p < 0.0001). The results also showed that the integrated system (MA + VFCW) was not able to satisfactory reduce the total p values (only 4%). Nevertheless, the MA + VFCW system achieved very promising results for the nitrogen removal, with emphasis on N-NH3 removal (100%) and the highest BOD5 removal (57%). Neither the raw wastewaters nor the treated wastewaters were phytotoxic. The integrated system completely eliminated the ecotoxicity (100%) and genotoxicity (n.s.) of the raw wastewater and showed decontamination potential. Thus, the integrated system emerges as an innovative environmental technology and, with minor adjustments, might be efficiently used in large scale and eventually replace conventional wastewater treatment systems.