Mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with urogenital disease

Mitochondria are intracellular organelles responsible for the production of the majority of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition to energy production, mitochondria also contribute to cellular apoptosis, the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, signaling through reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the coordination of the cell cycle. The prevalence rate of primary mitochondrial disease was estimated at nearly 1:5000. In this review, we have integrated recent evidence to discuss new insights into how mitochondrial dysregulation plays a role in bladder dysfunction, reproductive disorder and the correlation between mtDNA mutation and bladder cancer.

Automated summary

Mitochondria are essential organelles responsible for energy production and regulating various cellular processes. The prevalence of primary mitochondrial disease is estimated to be around 1:5000, with implications in bladder dysfunction, reproductive disorders, and bladder cancer due to mtDNA mutations.