Redox-Active Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups in Activated Carbon Facilitate Microbial Reduction of Ferrihydrite

Carbonaceous materials are commonly used in agronomic and environmental applications primarily as geosorbents, but their redox properties that may affect biogeochemical reactions are rarely documented. Herein, the role of activated carbon (AC) mediating microbial reduction of ferrihydrite is studied. Our batch experiment results show that AC facilitated the reduction of ferrihydrite by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, but the pretreatment of AC with HNO3 further increased the rate of reduction. The redoxactive oxygen-containing functional groups in AC were found to be responsible for the enhancement of the microbial reduction of ferrihydrite. This conclusion was supported by the electrochemical evidence that showed that the electron exchange capacity (EEC) of AC was facilitated due to the presence of quinone/hydroquinone groups and strongly positively correlated with the content of C=O groups. Moreover, the coprecipitation of vivianite and siderite was found in the products in the presence of AC, but siderite only was present in the absence of AC. The proper identification of potential functional groups in AC-mediating electron transfer during microbial reduction of ferrihydrite provides insights into the mechanism of reaction and potential roles carbonaceous materials may play in biogeochemical redox processes and, consequently, the fate of contaminants in the environment.