Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Volume 221, Issue -, Pages 407-417Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.003
Keywords
Air pollution; Phthalates; Passive air sampling; GC-MS; Human exposure assessment; India
Categories
Funding
- University Grants Commission, New Delhi [F.34-75/2008]
- Department of Science and Technology (DST-PURSE programme), India [SR/S9/Z-23/2010/17]
- University Grants Commission, India
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Usage of phthalates as plasticizers has resulted in worldwide occurrence and is becoming a serious concern to human health and environment. However, studies on phthalates in Indian atmosphere are lacking. Therefore, we studied the spatio-temporal trends of six major phthalates in Tamil Nadu, southern India, using passive air samplers. Phthalates were ubiquitously detected in all the samples and the average total phthalates found in decreasing order is pre-monsoon (61 ng m(-3)) > summer (52 ng m(-3)) > monsoon (17 ng m(-3)). Largely used phthalates, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and diethylhexlphthalate (DEHP) were predominantly found in all the seasons with contribution of 11-31% and 59 68%, respectively. The highest total phthalates was observed in summer at an urban location (836 ng m-3). Furthermore, through principal component analysis, potential sources were identified as emissions from additives of plasticizers in the polymer industry and the productions of adhesives, building materials and vinyl flooring. Although inhalation exposure of infants was higher than other population segments (toddlers, children and adults), exposure levels were found to be safe for people belonging to all ages based on reference dose (RfD) and tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. This study first attempted to report seasonal trend based on atmospheric monitoring using passive air sampling technique and exposure risk together. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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