Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES
Volume 125, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1289/EHP1742
Keywords
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Funding
- European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) as part of the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) [211250]
- Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts - Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter (TRANSPHORM) [243406]
- Novo Nordisk Foundation [NNF6935]
- German Cancer Aid [11010]
- Danish Council for Independent Research [DFF-4004-00179]
- Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme
- Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS)
- Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR)
- LK Research Funds
- Dutch Prevention Funds
- Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland)
- World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)
- Statistics Netherlands (Netherlands)
- Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN)
- European Community
- French League against Cancer (LNCC)
- Gustave Roussy
- French National Institutes for Health and Medical Research (Inserm)
- CRUK [C570/A16491, C8221/A19170]
- MRC [MR/M012190/1]
- Cancer Research UK [16491] Funding Source: researchfish
- Novo Nordisk Fonden [NNF13OC0006935] Funding Source: researchfish
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BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence on the association between ambient air pollution and breast cancer risk is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women. METHODS: In 15 cohorts from nine European countries, individual estimates of air pollution levels at the residence were estimated by standardized land-usc regression models developed within the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) and Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts - Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Mattcr (TRANSPHORM) projects: particulate matter (PM) <= 2.5 mu m, <= 10 mu m, and 2.5-10 mu m in diameter (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse, respectively); PM2.5 absorbance; nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx); traffic intensity; and elemental composition of PM. We estimated cohort-specific associations between breast cancer and air pollutants using Cox regression models, adjusting for major lifestyle risk factors, and pooled cohort-specific estimates using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Of 74,750 postmenopausal women included in the study, 3,612 developed breast cancer during 991,353 person-years of follow-up. We found positive and statistically insignificant associations between breast cancer and PM2.5 [hazard ratio (FIR) = 1.08 [95% confidence interval (Cl): 0.77, 1.51] per 5 mu g/m(3)}, PM10 [1.07 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.30) per 10 mu g/m(3)], PMcoarse [1.20 (95% Cl: 0.96, 1.49 per 5 mu g/m(3)], and NO2 [1.02 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.07 per 10 mu g/m(3)], and a statistically significant association with NOx [1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08) per 20 mu g/m(3), p = 0.04]. CONCLUSIONS: We-found suggestive evidence of an association between ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women.
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