Journal
KDD '21: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 27TH ACM SIGKDD CONFERENCE ON KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY & DATA MINING
Volume -, Issue -, Pages 1139-1149Publisher
ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY
DOI: 10.1145/3447548.3467265
Keywords
Deep learning; explainability
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This paper explores a new approach to explaining the decisions of deep neural networks by generating contrastive explanations using latent features. This method highlights aspects sufficient to justify classification and also introduces new aspects that can alter the classification.
As the application of deep neural networks proliferates in numerous areas such as medical imaging, video surveillance, and self driving cars, the need for explaining the decisions of these models has become a hot research topic, both at the global and local level. Locally, most explanation methods have focused on identifying relevance of features, limiting the types of explanations possible. In this paper, we investigate a new direction by leveraging latent features to generate contrastive explanations; predictions are explained not only by highlighting aspects that are in themselves sufficient to justify the classification, but also by new aspects which if added will change the classification. The key contribution of this paper lies in how we add features to rich data in a formal yet humanly interpretable way that leads to meaningful results. Our new definition of addition uses latent features to move beyond the limitations of previous explanations and resolve an open question laid out in Dhurandhar, et. al. (2018), which creates local contrastive explanations but is limited to simple datasets such as grayscale images. The strength of our approach in creating intuitive explanations that are also quantitatively superior to other methods is demonstrated on three diverse image datasets (skin lesions, faces, and fashion apparel). A user study with 200 participants further exemplifies the benefits of contrastive information, which can be viewed as complementary to other state-of-the-art interpretability methods.
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