4.0 Article

Immunoresponsive gene I modulates the severity of brain injury in cerebral ischaemia

Journal

BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS
Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages -

Publisher

OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab187

Keywords

IRG1; itaconate; HO-1; microglia; ischaemic stroke

Funding

  1. Indiana University Startup Fund
  2. National Institutes of Health [R01NS102449]

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The induction of immunoresponsive gene 1 in microglia following ischemic stroke acts as an endogenous protective mechanism to reduce brain injury by up-regulating heme oxygenase-1. Targeting immunoresponsive gene 1 may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke, as observed in animal models with exacerbated brain injury and improved outcomes with the administration of dimethyl itaconate.
Inflammatory stimuli induce immunoresponsive gene 1 expression that in turn catalyses the production of itaconate through diverting cis-aconitate away from the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The immunoregulatory effect of the immunoresponsive gene 1/itaconate axis has been recently documented in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse and human macrophages. In addition, dimethyl itaconate, an itaconate derivative, was reported to ameliorate disease severity in the animal models of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Currently, whether immunoresponsive gene 1/itaconate axis exerts a modulatory effect in ischaemic stroke remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated whether immunoresponsive gene 1 plays a role in modulating ischaemic brain injury. In addition, the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effects of immunoresponsive gene 1 in ischaemic stroke was elucidated. Our results showed that immunoresponsive gene 1 was highly induced in the ischaemic brain following ischaemic injury. Interestingly, we found that IRG1(-/-) stroke animals exhibited exacerbated brain injury, displayed with enlarged cerebral infarct, compared to wildtype stroke controls. Furthermore, IRG1(-/-) stroke animals presented aggravated blood-brain barrier disruption, associated with augmented Evans blue leakage and increased immune cell infiltrates in the ischaemic brain. Moreover, IRG1(-/-) stroke animals displayed elevated microglia activation, demonstrated with increased CD68, CD86 and Thal expression. Further analysis revealed that immunoresponsive gene 1 was induced in microglia after ischaemic stroke, and deficiency in immunoresponsive gene 1 resulted in repressed microglial heme oxygenase-1 expression and exacerbated ischaemic brain injury. Notably, the administration of dimethyl itaconate to compensate for the deficiency of immunoresponsive gene 1/itaconate axis led to enhanced microglial heme oxygenase-1 expression, alleviated ischaemic brain injury, improved motor function and decreased mortality in IRG1(-/-) stroke animals. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that the induction of immunoresponsive gene 1 in microglia following ischaemic stroke serves as an endogenous protective mechanism to restrain brain injury through heme oxygenase-1 up-regulation. Thus, our findings suggest that targeting immunoresponsive gene 1 may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of ischaemic stroke.

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