Long-term self-renewing human epicardial cells generated from pluripotent stem cells under defined xeno-free conditions

The epicardium contributes both multi-lineage descendants and paracrine factors to the heart during cardiogenesis and cardiac repair, underscoring its potential for use in cardiac regenerative medicine. Yet little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate human epicardial development and regeneration. Here, we show that the temporal modulation of canonical Wnt signalling is sufficient for epicardial induction from six different human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines, including a WT1-2A-eGFP knock-in reporter line, under chemically defined, xeno-free conditions. We also show that treatment with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-signalling inhibitors permitted long-term expansion of the hPSC-derived epicardial cells, resulting in more than 25 population doublings of WT1(+) cells in homogenous monolayers. The hPSC-derived epicardial cells were similar to primary epicardial cells both in vitro and in vivo, as determined by morphological and functional assays, including RNA sequencing. Our findings have implications for the understanding of self-renewal mechanisms of the epicardium and for epicardial regeneration using cellular or small-molecule therapies.