Classifying Cover Crop Residue from RGB Images: a Simple SVM versus a SVM Ensemble

Plant-derived crop residue on soil surface provides many important advantages including preventing erosion and conserving soil moisture. In that sense, making accurate determination on the percent of crop residue cover using RGB images can be a fundamental tool in protecting the soil. In our research, we approach the determination of such percentages as a classification problem, and in this paper, we compare two of these approaches. Both approaches relied on support vector machines (SVM) as the classifier of choice, and the same set of features, which were selected in our previous studies on the same topic. In this paper we developed a SVM ensemble with a hierarchical structure and compared it against a single, multi-class SVM classifier. In the SVM ensemble framework, four two-class SVMs and one five-class SVM were combined in sequence to better separate adjacent levels of residue cover. The rationale of the ensemble was to allow each of the two-class SVMs to find the hyperplanes that maximize the margin between the corresponding two consecutive classes. Then, based on the distance of the samples to these hyperplanes, probabilistic estimates of the data-point belonging to the class were computed and added as extra inputs for the last SVM. In order to enhance the performance of the ensemble, other considerations such as the use of Grid Search method for optimizing the hyperparameters were employed in the tuning of the SVMs. Numerical experiments were conducted over a dataset of 4,400 images, which were collected from 88 locations in 40 row crop fields in five Missouri counties between mid-April and early July in 2018 and 2019. The images were collected using a camera mounted on a tripod, with a spatial resolution of 0.014 cm pixel(-1) GSD (Ground Sampling Distance). The experiments highlighted the better performance of the proposed hierarchical ensemble classifier, which achieved a cross-validation accuracy of 86.3% vs an accuracy of 80.4% for the single SVM, while the testing accuracy was 83.8% when compared to the accuracy of 80.9% from the single SVM. Other metrics, such as precision, recall and F1 score, were also highly favorable towards the ensemble SVM.

Automated summary

In this research, two approaches for determining the percentage of crop residue cover using SVM were compared. A hierarchical ensemble SVM classifier outperformed a single SVM classifier in terms of cross-validation and testing accuracy. Other metrics such as precision, recall, and F1 score also favored the ensemble SVM.