Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Pharmaceutical Drugs from Wastewater and Human Urine Using (Z)-Octadec-9-en-1-aminium tetrachloroferrate (III) Ionic Liquid and Analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

In this study, we report for the first time application of magnetic ionic liquid (MIL), (Z)-octadec-9-en-1-aminium tetrachloroferrate (III) in the simultaneous preconcentration and quantification of 3 different categories of pharmaceutical products clomipramine, ketoprofen and loperamide from wastewater and human urine samples using dispersive micro-solid phase extraction detected and quantified in high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector. The MIL was characterized by magnetic property measurement systems, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman scattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. First, a specified amount of the sorbent was successfully added to the sample solution containing the analytes. Afterward, the sample pH is adjusted and stirred at a constant rate of 700 rpm for 45 min. After the adsorption of the analytes, the sample is then sonicated for desorption then centrifuged and decanted for analysis. After optimization, the limit of detection (LOD) was within 2.3-2.9 mu g/L and the linearity range was within 1-750 mu g/L for all the analytes. The correlation coefficients (R-2) obtained were in the range of 0.9967-0.9974, and the relative standard deviation (RSD, %) for intra-day and inter-day was within 2.7-3.3 and 2.6-3.7, respectively. Finally, the applicability of the method on real wastewater and human urine samples was examined and the preconcentration and quantification of the drugs at microgram levels were confirmed with satisfactory results.

Automated summary

This study successfully utilized magnetic ionic liquid for the simultaneous preconcentration and quantification of 3 different categories of pharmaceutical products in wastewater and human urine samples. The method showed satisfactory results in terms of feasibility and accuracy.