Efficient Energy-Conversion Materials for the Future: Understanding and Tailoring Charge-Transfer Processes in Carbon Nanostructures

In this review, we survey the role of carbon-based nanomaterials in energy-conversion schemes. In particular, we highlight charge-transfer processes on the molecular scale in sp(2) carbon in zero dimensions (fullerenes), sp(2) carbon in one dimension (carbon nanotubes), sp(2) carbon in two dimensions (graphene), and sp(2)/sp(3) carbon in zero and two dimensions (defectuous carbon nanostructures). As such, we conclude that the versatility of carbon-based nanomaterials in terms of structural and electronic properties renders them broadly applicable electroactive components for future energy devices.